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Review Article

Managing Aggressive Behavior in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Approaches

Christopher Ade Putra Purba, Nining Febriyana, and Yunias Setiawati

J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024;35(4):223-229

Adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often encounter significant challenges, particularly aggressive behaviors that persist into adulthood and profoundly affect their daily functioning and quality of life. These behaviors not only pose hurdles for affected individuals but also present considerable challenges for caregivers and families. Managing aggression in adolescents with ASD requires comprehensive treatment approaches encompassing both non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. This paper reviews current interventions that have proven to be effective through empirical studies in managing aggression among adolescents with ASD. By synthesizing evidence-based practices, this study underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach involving medical, psychological, and educational interventions to effectively manage aggression among adolescents with ASD. It aimed to inform clinicians, educators, and caregivers of practical strategies and evidence-based interventions to address aggression in this population.
Key Words: Autism spectrum disorder; Aggression; Disruptive behavior; Adolescents
Original Article

Depression, Anxiety and Associated Factors Among Korean Adolescent Students During COVID-19

Da-young Jung, Kyung Hee Yoon, Myeong-yeon Jo et al.

J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024;35(4):230-242

Objectives: Depression and anxiety are emotional difficulties that are common among adolescents. Adolescents suffering from depression and anxiety can exhibit problems such as antisocial behavior, aggression, and academic slump. This study aimed to explore the factors influencing adolescents’ depression and anxiety during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
Methods: This study examined the data from an online student health survey conducted by the Ministry of Education in 2022. The survey participants were 131194 students ranging from the first grade of middle school to the third grade of high school. The influence of each variable on depression and anxiety was examined.
Results: Factors that predicted depression and anxiety were sex (female), grade level (higher), financial difficulties (existing or unknown), physical activity (higher), sleep time (shorter), media usage time (higher), family/friends relationship (worse), and change in the health status of family, friends, and oneself due to COVID-19 (worse).
Conclusion: These results may help identify patterns of depression and anxiety among adolescents caused by COVID-19 and maximize the intervention effect.
Key Words: Adolescent; Students; Depression; Anxiety; COVID-19 pandemic
Original Article

Diagnostic Validity of the Comprehensive Attention Test in Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Hyunju Lee, Hannah Huh, Woo Young Kim et al.

J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024;35(4):243-249

Objectives: This study verified the diagnostic validity of the Comprehensive Attention Test (CAT) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Methods: A total of 336 participants were recruited in this study, including 168 patients with ADHD and 168 control group participants who were one-to-one matched for sex and age. We measured selective attention (visual and auditory), sustained attention, interference-selective attention, divided attention, and working memory in the ADHD and control groups using the CAT. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the CAT were calculated.
Results: In this study, it was found that the sensitivity and specificity of the CAT were 0.879 and 0.846 in children, 0.855 and 0.838 in adolescents, and 0.800 and 0.733 in adults, respectively.
Conclusion: These results indicate that the CAT has a high diagnostic validity for ADHD from childhood to adulthood.
Key Words: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ADHD; Comprehensive attention test; Validity; Sensitivity; Specificity
Original Article

Investigating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms, Emotional Dysregulation and Family Functioning in Children: A Community-Based Study in Elementary Schools in Surabaya, Indonesia

Yunias Setiawati, Dhenni Hartopo, Friandi Danang Rabitho et al.

J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024;35(4):250-257

Objectives: Research on emotional dysregulation related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and its effects on family functioning in children is scarce. This is the first study conducted in Indonesia to examine the intricate relationships between ADHD symptoms, emotional regulation, and family functioning in children.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving primary caregivers of children aged 9–13 years old across three elementary schools in Surabaya, using validated questionnaires comprising the Indonesian ADHD Rating Scale, Emotion Regulation Checklist, and Family APGAR scale.
Results: The findings revealed a positive association between ADHD features and the emotional lability/negativity subscale (ERLN) (r=0.528; p<0.001), but not the emotion regulation subscale (EREG). Moreover, family functioning positively correlated with ERLN (r= -0.269; p=0.003) and negatively correlated with EREG (r=0.331; p<0.001). Parental education emerged as a significant demographic factor, with higher education levels linked to better emotion regulation (r=0.297; p=0.001).
Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of addressing ADHD symptoms and emotional dysregulation in children in order to enhance family functioning and overall well-being. Implications for future research and interventions targeting emotion regulation, especially in children with ADHD and their families, are also discussed.
Key Words: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Emotion regulation; Family relations; Neurodevelopmental disorders; Psychological wellbeing
Original Article

Sex Differences in Risk Factors for Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Korean Adolescents

Yea-Ju Jin and JooYong Park

J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024;35(4):258-265

Objectives: This study aimed to examine sex differences in the risk factors associated with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among Korean adolescents to provide insights for drafting more effective prevention strategies.
Methods: Data from 51845 middle and high school students in the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey were analyzed. GAD was assessed using the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder tool, and factors such as grade, academic performance, economic status, living arrangements, smoking, drinking, sexual experience, and physical activity were included. The prevalence of GAD and its association with these factors were compared between male and female students using chi-square tests and logistic regression. Odds ratios were compared statistically to identify sex-specific differences.
Results: GAD prevalence was higher among girls (42.1%) than boys (30.1%). Both sexes showed increased GAD risk with lower academic performance, lower economic status, smoking, drinking, and sexual experience. Boys living apart from their families had a higher GAD risk, but this was not significant for girls. Additionally, smoking and drinking were associated with a higher increase in GAD risk in girls than in boys.
Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of considering sex differences in the prevention of GAD among adolescents. Tailored sex-specific interventions are crucial for effective prevention and management of GAD in Korean adolescents.
Key Words: Adolescents; Mental health; Risk factors; Health risk behaviors; Sex differences
Original Article

The Relationship Between Specific Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Anxiety Using Self-Report Diagnostic Scales

Hee Youn Won, MinA Park, Ga Eun Kim et al.

J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024;35(4):266-274

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety symptoms.
Methods: A total of 52 patients diagnosed with adult ADHD completed self-report assessment scales. The clinical features of ADHD were assessed using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) and Korean Adult ADHD Rating Scale (K-AARS). The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to assess anxiety-related symptoms. Correlation and linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between the diagnostic scales of adult ADHD and anxiety.
Results: Higher scores on the ASRS were related to higher scores on the STAI-S (r=0.482) and STAI-T (r=0.573), which assess state anxiety and trait anxiety, respectively. Subscales of inattention (STAI-S, r=0.485; STAI-T, r=0.648), impulsivity (STAI-S, r=0.404; STAI-T, r=0.491), emotional dysregulation (STAI-S, r=0.498; STAI-T, r=0.639), disorganization (STAI-S, r=0.427; STAI-T, r=0.545) on the K-AARS, and the subtotal of K-AARS clinical subscales (STAI-S, r=0.517; STAI-T, r=0.540) had significant correlations with both STAI-S and STAI-T scores. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, there were significant associations between ASRS total scores (β= 0.299) and STAI-S scores, and between inattention (β=0.297), impulsivity (β=0.560), emotional dysregulation (β=0.393), disorganization (β=0.817), subtotal scores on the K-AARS subscales (β=0.114), and STAI-S scores. The multivariate regression analysis also showed significant associations between ASRS total scores (β=0.409) and STAI-T scores. Associations between K-AARS subscales of inattention (β=0.468), impulsivity (β=0.817), emotional dysregulation (β=0.598), disorganization (β=1.120), subtotal scores on the K-AARS subscales (β=0.134), and STAI-T scores remained significant after adjusting demographic variables.
Conclusion: Comprehensive assessment of ADHD symptoms related to anxiety would be important for the evaluation and treatment of anxiety in adult ADHD patients.
Key Words: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Anxiety; ASRS; K-AARS
CURRENT ISSUE
J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024;35(4):223-74
Review Article
Managing Aggressive Behavior in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Approaches
Christopher Ade Putra Purba, Nining Febriyana, and Yunias Setiawati
J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024;35(4):223-229
Original Articles
Depression, Anxiety and Associated Factors Among Korean Adolescent Students During COVID-19
Da-young Jung, Kyung Hee Yoon, Myeong-yeon Jo, Hyun-joo Jeong, and Yong-Sil Kweon
J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024;35(4):230-242
Diagnostic Validity of the Comprehensive Attention Test in Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Hyunju Lee, Hannah Huh, Woo Young Kim, Eun Kyoung Lee, Bum-Sung Choi, Bongseog Kim, and Hanik Yoo
J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024;35(4):243-249
Investigating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms, Emotional Dysregulation and Family Functioning in Children: A Community-Based Study in Elementary Schools in Surabaya, Indonesia
Yunias Setiawati, Dhenni Hartopo, Friandi Danang Rabitho, and Winson Chuanardi
J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024;35(4):250-257
Sex Differences in Risk Factors for Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Korean Adolescents
Yea-Ju Jin and JooYong Park
J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024;35(4):258-265
The Relationship Between Specific Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Anxiety Using Self-Report Diagnostic Scales
Hee Youn Won, MinA Park, Ga Eun Kim, and Eui-Jung Kim
J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024;35(4):266-274
Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry) covers the whole range of child and adolescent psychiatry and neuroscience. It also seeks to promote the well-being of children and families by publishing scholarly ...
 
Dissociative Identity Disorder in an Adolescent With Nine Alternate Personality Traits: A Case Study
Sang-Hun Lee, Na Ri Kang, and Duk-Soo Moon
Received March 10, 2022; Accepted May 24, 2022.
Stimulant Induced Movement Disorders in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Seok-Hyun Nam, Myung Ho Lim, and Tae Won Park
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The Efficacy of Visual Activity Schedule Intervention in Reducing Problem Behaviors in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Between the Age of 5 and 12 Years: A Systematic Review
Naveena Thomas and Sudhin Karuppali
Received July 21, 2021; Accepted September 30, 2021.