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Editorial

Emerging Breakthroughs in Pediatric Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment

Chan-Mo Yang

J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2025;36(1):1-1

Special Articles: Novel Updates in ADHD

Neuromodulation as a Potential Intervention for Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Chan-Mo Yang and Jun Won Kim

J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2025;36(1):2-10

This review examines the therapeutic potential of neuromodulation methods, including neurofeedback, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), as non-pharmacological interventions for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A comprehensive review of current studies was conducted, focusing on each technique’s mechanism, application, and efficacy in managing ADHD symptoms and cognitive deficits. Studies included human participants with ADHD, evaluating changes in symptom severity and cognitive outcomes. Neurofeedback demonstrated efficacy in symptom reduction, particularly when combined with pharmacotherapy, yielding sustained improvements. tDCS showed moderate efficacy, especially in attention and impulsivity control; however, variability in protocols and pediatric response highlights the need for standardization. TMS exhibited mixed outcomes, with high-frequency TMS targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex indicating potential cognitive benefits, though results were inconsistent across studies. Neuromodulation presents a promising complementary approach for ADHD treatment in children, potentially addressing limitations of pharmacotherapy. Future research should focus on optimizing stimulation parameters, increasing sample sizes, and refining methodologies to establish neuromodulation as part of standard ADHD treatment protocols.
Key Words: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Neurofeedback; Transcranial direct current stimulation; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Non-pharmacological intervention
Special Articles: Novel Updates in ADHD

A Review and an Update on Pharmacological Treatment of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Taeyeop Lee and Hyo-Won Kim

J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2025;36(1):11-17

This review highlights the current and emerging pharmacological treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Stimulants such as methylphenidate are the first-line treatment for improving attention and behavior. Non-stimulants, such as atomoxetine serve as alternative options, particularly for patients with comorbid conditions or those intolerant to stimulants. Emerging treatments, not yet available in Korea, include the methylphenidate prodrug, delayed-release/extended-release methylphenidate, and transdermal dextroamphetamine, that provide innovative delivery systems for sustained symptom control. Additionally, novel drugs such as viloxazine and centanafadine show promise as alternatives with potentially fewer side effects, broadening the spectrum of available therapies. As these new medications become accessible, they may help develop more personalized treatment plans tailored to individual patient needs and potential side effects.
Key Words: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Pharmacotherapy; New medication; Prodrug; Transdermal; Viloxazine; Centanafadine
Original Article

Association Between Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Exposure and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Kang-Eun Yeo, Seungbee Lim, Aelin Kim et al.

J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2025;36(1):18-25

Objectives: This study investigated the relationship between exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), specifically phthalates, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and bisphenol S, and the severity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms using neuropsychological tests in children diagnosed with ADHD.
Methods: This study included 67 medication-naïve children with ADHD aged 6–16 years. The urinary concentrations of EDCs were measured, and ADHD symptom severity was evaluated using neuropsychological tests and clinical symptom scale measurements. The Jonckheere–Terpstra test, Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses, linear regression models, and multiple regression models were used to examine the relationship between EDC exposure and ADHD symptoms.
Results: A significant correlation was observed between urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and commission error T-scores in the visual Advanced Test of Attention test. No significant associations were found with other neuropsychological indicators or bisphenol levels.
Conclusion: Phthalate exposure affects impulsivity in children with ADHD, which is consistent with the results of previous studies that used parental surveys. However, bisphenols are not clearly associated with ADHD symptoms, which is consistent with the results of previous studies.
Key Words: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Endocrine disrupting chemicals; Phthalate; Bisphenol A; Bisphenol F; Bisphenol S; Neuropsychological test
Original Article

Neurocognitive Profiles of Early Adulthood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Heesung So and Soon-Beom Hong

J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2025;36(1):26-35

Objectives: This study examined the neurocognitive profiles of early adulthood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients using the Korean version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 4th Edition (K-WAIS-IV) and Continuous Performance Test 3rd Edition (CPT-3) assessment results.
Methods: A total of 105 individuals underwent the K-WAIS-IV assessment, and 68 participants completed the CPT-3. We examined the differences between intelligence subindex scores using paired t-tests and applied Pearson’s correlation analysis to determine the correlation between the K-WAIS-IV and CPT-3 scores.
Results: Working Memory Index scores were significantly lower than Verbal Comprehension Index scores, whereas Processing Speed Index (PSI) scores were significantly lower than all three other subindex scores. Significant negative correlations were found between all four K-WAIS-IV subindex scores and the CPT-3 scores for Detectability, Omissions, Commissions, Perseverations, Hit Reaction Time, Hit Reaction Time Standard Deviation, and Variability.
Conclusion: The PSI of the K-WAIS-IV can be considered a useful predictor in early adulthood ADHD patients combined with the CPT-3 examination.
Key Words: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Neurocognitive tests; Wechsler Intelligence Scales; Continuous Performance Task; Working memory; Processing speed
Original Article

Emotional Abuse to Delinquent Tendencies: Comparative Study on Juveniles and Students in Punjab, Pakistan

Nimrah Ishfaq and Anila Kamal

J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2025;36(1):36-46

Objectives: This study aimed to explain the roles of physical and verbal aggression, emotional immaturity, and lying behavior in the predictive relationship between emotional abuse and delinquent tendencies among juveniles and students in Punjab, Pakistan.
Methods: Data were collected from 232 juveniles incarcerated in the Borstal Jails of Faisalabad and Bahawalpur. A comparative sample of 276 students from government schools was collected through purposive sampling. The comparative sample was matched for socioeconomic status, gender, location, and age. Translated (Urdu) versions of the standardized scales were used to measure the respective constructs. Path analysis was conducted to determine the mediating effects of lying (as a personality trait), emotional immaturity, and physical-verbal aggression on the relationship between emotional abuse and delinquent tendencies. Multigroup analysis was performed to determine the strength and significance of each path for juveniles and students.
Results: Emotional abuse positively predicted delinquent tendencies and emotional maturity, lying as a personality trait, and physical-verbal aggression mediated this relationship among juveniles and students. A decline in emotional maturity was a stronger predictor of delinquent tendencies among juveniles, whereas physical-verbal aggression played a stronger role for students.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates the indirect effects of emotional abuse on delinquent tendencies. This study also highlights the intense effect of emotional abuse on juvenile delinquents’ emotional maturity and supports the importance of utilizing positive methods when dealing with adolescents, especially school personnel and clinical psychologists who interact with adolescents with problematic behaviors.
Key Words: Emotional abuse; Aggression; Delinquent tendencies; Juveniles; Students
CURRENT ISSUE
J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2025;36(1):1-46
Editorial
Emerging Breakthroughs in Pediatric Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment
Chan-Mo Yang
J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2025;36(1):1-1
Special Articles: Novel Updates in ADHDs
Neuromodulation as a Potential Intervention for Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Chan-Mo Yang and Jun Won Kim
J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2025;36(1):2-10
A Review and an Update on Pharmacological Treatment of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Taeyeop Lee and Hyo-Won Kim
J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2025;36(1):11-17
Original Articles
Association Between Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Exposure and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Kang-Eun Yeo, Seungbee Lim, Aelin Kim, You Bin Lim, Chae Rim Lee, Johanna Inhyang Kim, and Bung-Nyun Kim
J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2025;36(1):18-25
Neurocognitive Profiles of Early Adulthood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Heesung So and Soon-Beom Hong
J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2025;36(1):26-35
Emotional Abuse to Delinquent Tendencies: Comparative Study on Juveniles and Students in Punjab, Pakistan
Nimrah Ishfaq and Anila Kamal
J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2025;36(1):36-46
Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry) covers the whole range of child and adolescent psychiatry and neuroscience. It also seeks to promote the well-being of children and families by publishing scholarly ...
 
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