Summary of pharmacological treatment of ADHD
| FDA approval | KMFDS approval | Formulation | Effect size |
Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stimulants | |||||
| Methylphenidate | O | O | IR, ER, prodrug, DR/ER, transdermal | SMD=0.78 (0.62 to 0.93) | DR/ER (methylphenidate, 2018 FDA) Prodrug (serdexmethylphenidate, 2021 FDA) |
| Dexamphetamine |
O | X | IR, ER, prodrug, transdermal | SMD=1.02 (0.85 to 1.19) | Transdermal (dextroamphetamine, 2022 FDA) |
| Non-stimulants | |||||
| Atomoxetine | O | O | - | SMD=0.56 (0.45 to 0.66) | |
| Clonidine | O | O | ER, oral suspension | SMD=0.71 (0.24 to 1.17) | Oral suspension (clonidine, 2024 FDA) |
| Guanfacine | O | X | ER | SMD=0.67 (0.50 to 0.85) | |
| Viloxazine | O | X | ER | - | ER (viloxazine, 2021 FDA) |
| Centanafadine | X | X | - | - | Phase 3 clinical trial |
| Bupropion | X | X | ER | SMD=0.96 (0.22 to 1.69) | |
| Modafinil | X | X | - | SMD=0.62 (0.41 to 0.84) | |
*effect size based on clinician’s rating on ADHD core symptom from Cortese et al. [14]; †includes lisdexamfetamine and mixed amphetamine salts. ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; DR/ER, delayed-release/extended-release; ER, extended-release; FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; IR, immediate-release; KMFDS, Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; SMD, standardized mean difference