Factors influencing depression in adolescents (n=131194)
Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | β | t | B | SE | β | t | B | SE | β | t | B | SE | β | t | |
Demographic factors | ||||||||||||||||
Sex |
1.21 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 43.77 |
1.03 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 37.49 |
1.03 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 37.89 |
0.93 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 36.53 |
Grade | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 39.19 |
0.31 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 38.64 |
0.31 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 39.02 |
0.27 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 35.91 |
Economic hardship due to COVID-19 (1=exist) | 3.20 | 0.04 | 0.20 | 76.62 |
2.70 | 0.04 | 0.17 | 65.16 |
2.37 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 57.41 |
1.03 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 25.26 |
Economic hardship due to COVID-19 (1=not knowing) | 1.79 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 54.78 |
1.59 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 49.57 |
1.46 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 46.01 |
0.32 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 9.69 |
COVID-19 confirmed experience (1=exist) | 0.20 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 2.99 |
0.29 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 4.54 |
0.33 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 5.15 |
0.05 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.86 |
Daily life factors | ||||||||||||||||
Physical activity | -0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | -0.11 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 2.91 |
0.14 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 12.08 |
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Sleep time | -0.46 | 0.01 | -0.07 | -27.61 |
-0.43 | 0.01 | -0.06 | -26.07 |
-0.33 | 0.01 | -0.05 | -20.90 |
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Changes in media usage time | 1.18 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 72.16 |
1.03 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 62.22 |
0.59 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 37.34 |
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Social relationship factors | ||||||||||||||||
Changes in family relationships due to COVID-19 | -0.82 | 0.02 | -0.09 | -36.87 |
-0.46 | 0.02 | -0.05 | -21.53 |
||||||||
Changes in friendship due to COVID-19 | -0.73 | 0.02 | -0.08 | -31.83 |
-0.39 | 0.02 | -0.04 | -18.22 |
||||||||
Changes in relationships with teachers due to COVID-19 | -0.25 | 0.02 | -0.02 | -8.83 |
0.10 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 3.71 |
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Subjective health factors | ||||||||||||||||
Changes in family health due to COVID-19 (1=having a health problem) | 3.32 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 57.18 |
||||||||||||
Changes in family health due to COVID-19 (1=not knowing) | 1.93 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 56.75 |
||||||||||||
Changes in health problems of friends due to COVID-19 (1=having health problems) | 1.77 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 46.16 |
||||||||||||
Changes in health problems of friends due to COVID-19 (1=not knowing) | 0.62 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 19.89 |
||||||||||||
Subjective state of health change before the outbreak of COVID-19 | -1.45 | 0.02 | -0.19 | -71.53 |
||||||||||||
ΔR2 | 0.039 | 0.022 | 0.097 | |||||||||||||
R2 | 0.081 | 0.120 | 0.142 | 0.239 | ||||||||||||
F | 2318.93 |
2242.38 |
1975.40 |
2581.31 |
**p<0.01; ***p<0.001; †sex: male=0, female=1. Durbin–Watson=1.988. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SE, standard error