Reported change amount in comparison to normal state
| Score |
SD | t | Effect size (Cohen’s d) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | 2.35 | 0.64 | 8.64 |
0.55 |
| ADHD total | 2.12 | 0.25 | 6.78 |
0.48 |
| Inattention | 2.15 | 0.32 | 6.66 |
0.47 |
| Hyperactivity-impulsivity | 2.09 | 0.25 | 5.17 |
0.36 |
| Circadian rhythm | 2.70 | 1.23 | 3.83 |
0.24 |
| Sleep duration | 3.97 | 1.67 | 9.25 |
0.58 |
| QoL | 4.82 | 2.58 | 1.12 | 0.16 |
The changes for depression and ADHD were calculated by the sum of symptom scores per 8 and 18, respectively. One sample t-test was administered to investigate if there is a significant change between the two points, i.e., before and during the pandemic. *scores indicating “no difference from the pre- COVID state” for seven variables were 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 3, and 5, respectively (see the Methods for more details); **p<0.001. ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; QoL, quality of life; SD, standard deviation